Nuclear Weapons And Their Hazards Essays - Nuclear Warfare

Nuclear Weapons and Their Hazards The modern world is threaten by atomic bombs, chemical weapons, and other nuclear weapons. The nuclear weapon is the number one problem facing the world today. We have not been able to get nuclear weapons under control yet but we all know that our world will be totally destroy. Since the development of nuclear energy, the outcome of human civilization was very slim. It was intended for a good cause, when a Germany-Jew split the atom and found energy, but instead it was used for destroying the next country. The effect on the modern world in devastating. More recent atomic weapons are the ICBM missile. These missiles have multiple warheads that can destroy the entire world in less then 35 minutes. Nuclear war would produced so much smoke that rapid, substantial temperature and rainfall decreases would occur over wide areas of the middle Northern Hemisphere. Smaller temperature decreases might occur in low latitudes but more importantly in these regions rainfall would probably decreases because monsoons could not develop. Like in On The Beach, all the radiation move towards Australia and everyone innocent people died. A large-scale nuclear war would lessen food production over large expanses in the Northern Hemisphere, this could occur through acute climatic conditions which chilling or freezing temperatures occurring for brief periods during the growing season which could destroy crops or lower production. As result of the variety of potential physical and societal disruptions to agriculture from a large-scale nuclear war, agriculture in the Northern Hemisphere could be shut down or significantly reduced for the first growing season after war and maybe several growing seasons. Only the major grain-producing countries such as United States, Canada, and Australia had enough stored food to keep their populations alive if they lost the crops from a full growing season. For countries and thus for most of the people on earth, the food would run out in a matter of a few months if there were no agricultural production for just one growing season. The majority of the earth's human population is vulnerable to starvation following a large-scale nuclear war. As the radiation affect the human, the skin melts on direct contact, buildings collapse, bodies everywhere, pile up everywhere. When we bomb Nagasaki & Hiroshima, on a one megaton bomb, 3 miles in radius was totally destroy. Now, with 20 megaton minimal to 100 megaton maximum, can destroy a whole 25 miles in radius and more. No one can stop this madness. Even if you're able to control the nuclear weapons, some people country such as Iraq would buy the weapon or make their own and other country will start another war. In Iraq, Saddam Hussein's nuclear power plants were destroy because Iraq threaten the world so much that you must destroy his power plant. Like the movie, The Day After, one person launched the missile, and the rest of the world launch the missile because theres no way of stopping it. One way of controlling it, is stopping the people that makes the nuclear weapon. People have a disease of killing the world and making the world a living hell for all of us. In the book, 5:10 AM, there was a unidentified object on the radar, people are out there partying while an unexpected announcement that it might be a ICBM, everyone started to panic everyone started to seek shelter but this family had an emergency shelter, the people beg their way in, more then 100 of them trying to get into a 4 people shelter and everyone was trying to kill themselves to survive and they nearly torn down the door but the radio came on saying that it was a satellite while everyone was happy again and start partying and the people never learns. No body should have access to the nuclear weapons but nuclear energy is allowed. The space program should have access to the nuclear energy because they can harnest the energy into good use and maybe blow up the aliens. The space program could also make advanced rockets so we can travel faster and discover even more things. Even if you blow your opponent out, wind will eventually blow the radiation fall out back to your country and every one will still hate you it'll even carry the radiation to other countries and other countries will nuke you because you cause it and at the end, you'll end up with a huge comisc radioactive cloud and it'll destroy all living things such as baby with three head,

Dutch Rvolt essays

Dutch Rvolt essays The Dutch Revolution is a truly complicated aspect of early modern European history. The Netherlands was Spains meal ticket. Spain relied heavily upon the economic power that the Netherlands supplied them with. However, how is it that when the Dutch revolted that the much more powerful Spain could not defeat the cause? Spain was the most powerful state after the Renaissance in Europe. Yet the Dutch were able to successfully revolt against Spain because of Philip IIs poor judgments, decisions, management, and his alienation of the Dutch people. Philips planning was weak and his attention span was short. He released pressure on the Netherlands on a few occasions to divert his attention elsewhere. These diversions gave the Netherlands the hole they were looking for and the ability to take the upper hand on more than a few instances. An additional key aspect to consider while discussing the revolt in the Netherlands is the amount of time it took. The revolt is often referred to as the Eighty Years War. Wars during the early modern Europe always came down to money; whoever had the most money usually was victorious. In the case of the war in the Low Countries, the Dutch economy was prospering while the government of Spain was running the economy into bankruptcy. Although the economies were on two different paths, they were fairly equal for a time and it caused a stalemate for almost eighty years (Wedgwood 67). It all began when Philip Habsburg inherited the Low Countries from his father Charles V in 1555. He alienated his subjects and lost control of his territories by the 1560's. He alienated his Dutch subjects in five different ways: first, he demanded extreme and heavy taxes; secondly, he visited the provinces in 1559 and was to never re-enter the Low Countries; thirdly, he put into power the hated Archbishop Granvelle; fourthly, he started an unpopular program of ecclesiastical reform; and finall...

Building a Technology Resume

Building a Technology Resume One of the biggest trials for many job-seekers is creating the perfect resume. You can find a professional to do it for you, or you can use a template, but if you are a proponent of the DIY attitude (like most of us in IT), then you need to know how to include your IT skills in a clean and readable format. You also need to make sure to utilize important keywords. Whether your resume is already online or still in paper form, it is likely to end up in a database at some point and you need to make sure it comes up in the right searches. The first step to including your technology-related skills is to make a simple list. Write down the things you know enough about to be comfortable discussing in an interview. Keep the items with which you are most proficient near the top of the list.Step two is to categorize your skills. Do any of them fall under a general heading such as Network Security or Database Administration? If you can list several of these category-level skills, they can be used on the resume in a separate section. They can also be used as descriptions in your summary or objective section. For example: Skilled professional with over five years of experience as a Web Developer and Network Administrator. List your certifications. If you have more than two, include them in your technology section. If you have two or less, move them to an Education and Certification section. Your education section can be placed at the bottom of the resume if your experience outweighs your education, or towards the top of the res ume if you are a recent grad, new to IT, hold a graduate degree, or are currently working on furthering your education. Make sure to format the information so that it is readable, and very easy to scan at a glance. Bullets are great for this, but dont get too carried away and bullet ad nauseam. Using tables and strategic shading are also good ways to organize your information.Finally, take a look at some samples. They are relatively easy to find on the internet and I have provided a couple on a separate page.Show me the SamplesShow me a list of words and phrases for resumesShow me some general resume-writing tips Create a Career Outline Think of your resume as the story of your career. As such, it needs to be organized to best highlight your strengths. How would you answer if you were to be asked, what have you accomplished? or where would you start? If you are fresh out of school, use your education as your strong point. GPA, accolades, club participation, etc. will be your focus.If you have 20 years of solid experience, start defining your accomplishments during each job role.If you have five years of experience, divide your strengths between education/certification and experience. Introduce Yourself Always start with your name and contact information. From there, decide if you need an introduction or objective statement. This is a personal decision and should be worded carefully if used. If you use this section, do not get too personal and do not use I or the ever-popular Seeking to . . .. Be simple and straightforward: Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer (MCSE) with seven years of IT Consulting experience. Skilled at assessing project needs, training end users, and installing, managing, and configuring systems. Beef Up Your Vocabulary Throughout your resume use power words like maximize, dedicated, recognized, proficient, adept, capitalized, accomplished, motivated, decisive, strategic, etc. Show me more power words . . . Use Numbers Make sure to include numbers in the descriptions of your experience. Employers are notorious for wanting quantifiable achievements such as Decreased costs by 20% or Exceeded expectations by completing 4 months prior to deadline and lowering project budget by 10%. Show me more phrases . . . Use the Internet Sites like Monster.com have some great free resources devoted to helping you create a great resume. Resume Example Things to Avoid Do not use I or My. Do not say, references provided upon request. This is assumed and does not need to be stated.Do not list any skills that you are not proficient with. You may include a section titled Exposure To and list items that you have touched but not mastered.Do not let a single typo or misspelling get by you. Have someone else proof your resume before sending it out.Do not, without excellent reasons, include a section on hobbies. This information is not pertinent to your qualifications. Power Words Use the following words to accurately describe your experience and accomplishments. Break out your thesaurus if you are still stuck for the right verb or adjective. AdeptAdministeredAdroitAssessedAuthoredCapableChallengingCohesiveCollaborateCommunicationCompetentConceptualizedConductedConsistentlyConveyedDemonstratedDesignedDeterminedDevelopedDiligenceDrivenDynamicEffectiveEnhancedEstablishExceptionalExceededExpertExtensiveEvaluatedFacilitatedFocusImplementedInspiredInstrumentalIntroducedLaunchedLiaisonManagedMasteryMaximizedMentoredMotivatedNegotiatedOutstandingOversawPerformedPersistentPresentedProficientPromotedRapidRecognizedRecommendRecruitedSkilledSucceededSuccessfulSuperiorSupervisedTenaciousTrainedUniqueUtilized Phrases These are just a few examples of phrases that could be used in your resume. Use the power words above to create descriptive phrases such as . . . Solutions-orientedResults-drivenWell organizedHighly motivatedTop-ranked Use phrases such as these to describe qualitative accomplishments . . . Increased revenue by 200%Exceeded Goals by 20%Decreased costs by $1 MillionImpacted cost of . . . by $400,000Team ranked #1Exceeded quotas by . . .Exceeded expectationsImproved productivitySubstantially improved . . .by 40%Consistently ranked number one

The Corporate Manslaughter Reform Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Corporate Manslaughter Reform - Essay Example This is but a logical consequence of the very nature of corporations' artificial personality in connection with what possible penalty they could be made to suffer. But the famous case of R. v. P & O Ferries (Dover) Ltd. 93 Cr App Rep 72 (or the famous Herald of Free Enterprise case) have challenged this idea and the courts' decision was to formally recognise that these corporations can be made criminally liable for manslaughter. This decision is taken to mean as holding the corporation itself directly criminally liable for manslaughter (as if the corporation have acted independently on its own to constitute mens rea and actus reus) aside from the individual liabilities of its directors or officers. The US Supreme Court as well in 1909 (along the same line of thought on corporate criminal liability) held that corporations could be held liable criminally for acts or omissions including failure of an agent acting within the scope of his employment. From here, there were recent cases which have stated that a corporation will be held vicariously liable for the illegal acts of its employees if the employees act within the scope of their authority and intend to benefit the corporation. In both jurisdictions (UK and the United States), corporate criminal liability is without question recognised. The Problem of the Second Element of the Offence in Government's Proposed Draft Bill Reform on Corporate Manslaughter Corporate manslaughter is a homicide for a corporation. This means that a natural person is made to answer for criminal liabilities as if it were a natural person being held to answer for the consequences of a criminal act. Taken from... The researcher of this essay states that it is but proper to mention some basic concepts of corporate criminal liability as a preliminary before taking up the crucial issues involved in the Corporate Manslaughter: The Government’s Draft Bill for Reform. Corporate criminal liability is one of those hotly debated topics. One issue that attracts much attention is whether a corporation should be at "fault" before liability is imposed, and precisely what "corporate fault" means. In other words, what liability standard should be required before imposing liability on the corporation. For example, should liability be imposed when the corporation is negligent, when it acts "knowingly," whenever harm occurs regardless of the "fault" of the corporation, or some other liability standard? This essay addresses this issue and provides some deterrence-based insights into the choice of liability standards for corporate crime. The researcher mentiones that there were recent cases which have sta ted that a corporation will be held vicariously liable for the illegal acts of its employees if the employees act within the scope of their authority and intend to benefit the corporation. In both jurisdictions (UK and US), corporate criminal liability is without question recognised. The proposed Corporate Manslaughter Law aims to tackle the identification principle by providing a new basis - a test that focuses on management failure at senior level within the organization instead of focusing on the negligent act of an individual employee.

Strategic Management for the International Business Essay

Strategic Management for the International Business - Essay Example Global strategy can be stated as the way a particular business organisation views the global marketplace. The success or failure of global strategy depends on various interrelated factors. The factors include activities like sourcing, research and development, marketing and manufacturing, etc. All this factors are now incorporated in a global organisation strategy direction. In the present business context, every organisation tries to be responsive to the local market condition. Their strategies are incorporated in such a way which firstly is looking for being successful in local market then venturing in the global market. The Coca Cola’s strategy can be stated as an example in this case. The business organisations at present follow the motto of â€Å"Think global but act local† (Zou & Cavusgil, 1995). Global competition has increased the competitive edge in every strategic decision that a company takes in any organisation. Global competition is a phenomenon which occurs when various companies’ cross-subsidies market share on a national level and then it battles for being successful as a global brand and also acquiring global distribution positions. Global business looks towards acquiring economies of scale and cost efficiency in their business by venturing outside of their homeland. As a global company, an organisation tries to acquire international retaliation, world scale volume and also enabling cross-subsidisation. Global companies try to establish their strategies by fixing their locus of responsibilities mainly away from the country organisation (Hamel & Prahlad, 1985). Global market and corresponding strategic decisions are the main focus areas of any business organisation in the present scenario. This has brought in a new phenomenon called global markets which is made especially for standardised consumer

Suffering in Shakespeares Works Essay Example for Free

Suffering in Shakespeares Works Essay The prominent metaphor used throughout Shakespeare’s sonnets and â€Å"Twelfth Night† is the comparison of love to suffering. This metaphor is brought up many times in â€Å"Twelfth Night† by different characters which exaggerate the suffering caused by love. Most of the sonnets written by Shakespeare compare love to suffering, but the sonnet that exemplifies it the most is sonnet 147. These two works written by Shakespeare are similarly connected through word choice to set up the metaphor of love as a painful experience. â€Å"Twelfth Night† is a romantic comedy, and even though the play ends with almost all characters happy, Shakespeare demonstrates just how painful love can be. This suffering that different characters experience is either from being in love or unrequited love. At one point during the play Orsino compares his love for Olivia as an â€Å"appetite† (I.i.1–3) that he can never fully satisfy while later he describes his desire for her as â€Å"fell of cruel hounds† (I.i.21). This word choice chosen by Shakespeare provides the reader with a clear metaphor that love within this play is viewed as cruel. Furthermore Olivia describes her love as a â€Å"plague† (i.v.265), that word carries a negative connotation that cannot be construed in any way to be positive. All of these metaphors are continued throughout the play by varies characters all complaining about their sufferings with words pertaining to a degree of violence. Similarly in Shakespeare’s sonnets the metaphor of love as being cruel and painful can be seen with his particular word choice. The opening line of Sonnet 147 sets the mood for the entire poem with comparison of love to sickness thus continuing the metaphor of love as a dreadful experience. Comparing love to a â€Å"fever† that is â€Å"longing still† (1), Shakespeare creates a discouraging outlook of unrequited love. Furthermore it continues with accusing the unnamed recipient of â€Å"Feeding on that which doth preserve the ill† (3). Not only is Shakespeare complaining about being in love without reciprocation, but he blames the unnamed person for his sickness. This metaphor of love being torturous is continued throughout the rest of the sonnet, ending on a very morbid couplet â€Å"For I have sworn thee fair, and thought thee bright, / Who art as black as hell, as dark as night† (13-14). The word choice of the couplet shows the pessimistic view of unrequited love, thus clearly indicating the extended metaphor of suffering while in love. Love described by Shakespeare is a terrible sickness that no one should have to endure, which is typically not the mindset of most people when they think about love. However, given the context in which Shakespeare wrote these two works, it is clear that he was bitter because of his own personal unrequited love from a woman. This unrequited love is portrayed in almost all of Shakespeare’s sonnets, however Sonnet 147 described the most dark and miserable aspects of love. â€Å"Twelfth Night† portrays the suffering of love through word choice similarly to Shakespeare’s sonnets; however in the end all the confusion sorts itself out unlike Sonnet 147. The extended metaphors within these two pieces express the emotional suffering of unrequited love as written by William Shakespeare.

Language of the land :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Traditional African art plays a major part in the African society. Most ceremonies and activities cannot function without visual art. Such ceremonies include singing, dancing, storytelling, spiritual dreams, and relationships with the opposite sex. According to James Stephenson, â€Å"art is a way to express trust in your own words†¦drawn to create a symbol that is pulled out of you.† He believes art, or literature should illustrate the lifestyles or problems of a certain group of people. In the book Language of the Land, James Stephenson discusses about the Hadzabe tribe. James Stephenson uses many glimpse of art, or literature to portray African art.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are three basic themes of African art. The first is the realism among the people of the bush. Most African tribes, particularly the Hadzabe, embellish the details when they are telling stories. This embellishment is done to create the mood of the story. For example, when Jemsi is at Mama Ramadan, he describes the cowgirl as a â€Å"superstar flying in spaceships filled with thousands of male lovers† (Language of the Land pg.67). Then some of the other Hadzabe says, â€Å"the cowgirl was their girlfriend† (Language of the Land pg.67). When Jemsi says he is making it up, all the Hadzabe start telling there own exaggerated stories. This proves that their art of story telling engages your mind, feelings, and body. Another similar example of how Jemsi captures the minds of the Hadzabe is when he talks about â€Å"the bear†¦its claws are the size of Sitoti’s arms, it is fast as the lion. It can cut trees down with its claws, and hunts, e ats men. Sometimes it will come into camp the camp, and sleep next to you. Then if you wake and move; it will kill you, or do the jiggi-jiggi with you† (Language of the Land pg.117). This just shows how gullible the tribesmen are toward each other’s stories. This type of visual or spoken art describes the Africans ability to over express the idea to the extreme.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second theme of African art is the problematic relationships between the sexes. The Hadzabe are shown as the type of people who would use harmless devices to deal with the problems and issues concerning the relations between the sexes. For example, when Sitoti was telling one of his stories of how he scared Swahili girls by â€Å"wading up like a slow moving crocodile †¦[and leap] at the women washing their clothes† (Language of the Land pg.

The Media Violence Debate

THE MEDIA VIOLENCE DEBATE Introduction Television and video games are favorite ways teenagers spend their leisure hours. Parents and teens themselves have wondered about their effects because of numerous concerns raised with regards to the negative influences that these form of entertainment bring. Many of today’s children grow up with a television at home or even in their own rooms and there have been studies dedicated to the analysis of their impact of a young child growing up to adolescence. Young children are heavily influenced by television and video games, many of which are educational.While there are fun educational shows and games that benefit educational development for young children, the choice of video games and television shows are different when they grow up to be teenagers. This is when the problem begins. The negative influences of television and video games are aplenty. Flipping through the channels would surely show situations of violence, sex scenes and expl icit conversations, alcohol and drug use, cursing and verbal obscenities, bad body image reflections, and more.Visiting a games arcade would not only hurt one’s ears because of the noise of gunshots and obscene shouts from the games played, but also expose one to bloody and highly violent ways of killing people. These situations can affect teenagers differently. With some good things that can be learned from many television shows (documentaries and educational shows, for example) and video games (motor skills development), the negative effects of these forms of media outweighs the positive ones. This paper aims at discussing the effects of media particularly on the debate that has been going on with the ill-effects of media violence.Moreover, it provides a bird’s eye view and analysis on the influences of media violence especially on children. Relevant Research and Authors Featured in The Guardian on June 2001, Rushdie's â€Å"Reality TV: A Dearth of Talent and the De ath of Morality† has caught the attention of many moralists who agree on Rushdie's idea and views on the prevalence and existence of reality TV today. Rushdie has presented so many points in his essay that I fully agree on. First, reality television shows are hard to avoid. Their ratings are a proof how people patronize these kinds of shows.Look how many millions of texters would send in their votes for their favorite â€Å"American Idol. † The success of many reality shows in the 1990's made way for networks to think of more programs – the weirder, the better because people had the tendency to watch reality programs that exude the abnormal. Moreover, these reality shows that feature people who have no talent at all, such as MTV’s hit Jersey Shore, contrast to wholesome programs in the past and yes, some modern ones, that showcase celebrities with real talents or programs that are worth our precious time.Marshall McLuhan is not known by many but to those w ho are into the field of media, he is considered to be the first father and leading prophet of the electronic age. This Canadian born writer and critic wrote mostly on the topic of understanding the effects of technology as it is related to the popular culture and how this affected and influenced man and its relationship to one another and to the community as a whole.The phrase â€Å"the medium is the message† was started by McLuhan and stood to mean the form of a medium is embedded in the message itself thereby forming a correlation on how any message is being understood thus influencing change as time goes by. McLuhan (1964) asserts that â€Å"that a medium affects the society in which it plays a role not only by the content delivered over the medium, but by the characteristics of the medium itself. † Furthermore, he emphasizes that any newspaper article or television program does not have any content at all unless the people or the society reacts to them.The message s that are presented by oral, print and electronic media are still depending how it would influence the society as a whole and a person in particular. How the contents or messages come through changes the attitude of the viewers or readers. The messages that each kind of media exposes are dependent on person’s view. He compares movies and television in their manner of viewing and content saying that the visual presentation presents different types of influences. Media as a vessel of influential messages is an essential point to consider to every person who is into the broadcast and print industry.Video Games Violence Video games are a lucrative business anywhere in the world today, claiming US$ 10 billion in sales in the United States alone in one year. However, with this increasing sales come serious concerns about their effects on players, especially teenagers. Researches have been conducted to show the effects of video games on teenagers. Results prove that there is indeed a high possibility and likelihood of aggressive and violent behaviors to be manifested in some adolescents who frequently play violent video games.With these findings, public policy options for limiting distribution of these kind of games are being created; however, the creation and spread of more video games seem too many too stop. In 2006, the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) reported their findings on studies conducted on teenagers who play violent games. These young adolescents show long-lasting effects of abnormal brain functions which include intense emotional arousals and a decrease in their concentration, control, and focus. Television ViolenceAs a child becomes a teenager, his/her hours in front of the television lessens because socialization outdoors, demands of schoolwork, and the lure of other media forms (music, video games, computers, and the Internet) would take a huge percentage of idle time. Watching television is considered to be a relaxing activity wh ich needs less concentration. Rehnstrand (2005) writes that teenagers tend to watch television when they have nothing to do. Yet, even if time spent watching television lessens during these years, parents still have to know what their children are watchingTelevision in moderation is not bad at all. In fact, pre-schoolers can start learning through educational shows, grade school children can learn from nature shows, and adults can be informed with current news. Television can be a source of entertainment as well. However, with the good things, disadvantages cannot be negated. Studies show that teenagers who spend more than four hours daily in front of the television become overweight. They become either more aggressive or become too fearful. Moreover, teenagers develop gender stereotyping and vices from many shows.Direct Effects of Media Violence Researches and studies by professionals in the field of health and psychology have revealed that exposure to media portrayals of violence increases aggressive behavior not only in children but adolescents and adults as well. Reports by mental health institutes state that television, movie, music, the Internet, videogames and printed materials contribute to aggressive behaviors of individuals who are exposed to them. The violence depicted in them is considered risk factors to the developing child, adolescents and to the stability of their families.Individuals who are exposed to media violence often see the world as a sinister place as depicted by television programs. Even cartoon programs for kids are found to contain violence indirectly through their dialogues and actions. Kamalipour et al (2001) stated that with the advent of videocassette sales and rentals, pay-per-view TV, cable TV, videogames, and online interactive media, many more children and adolescents have greater access to media with violent content than had ever been available in previous decades.These depictions make young viewers numb to the ill-effects of violence, aggression, and develop in them fear. Recommendations of Filter Models for Television and Video Games Filtering is a way for parents or others who object to violence in mass media to control what is being viewed and played in their homes. However, it is also categorized by some as censorship. Censorship is an essential and expected element of how people interact instead of cultivating a negative and separate interruption in the regular flow of communication.The major problem centers on where to identify between what is acceptable and which is not, or who is approved and on what criteria to follow. Technology has come up with many types of filtering models, all with one purpose: to opt out parts of a movie or TV program or video game that is not positive for children and teenagers especially. V-chip is used for television receivers that block programs and intended for parents' use for their children . Another is ClearPlay which provides families the choice to watch movie s with less graphic violence, nudity, explicit sex, and profanity.Parental controls and guidance are still deemed to be the best models in filtering violence and other undesirable parts of media. Self-control and discipline are also considered to be essential values that one should have to be able to practice responsibility over the violence depicted different ways. Stimulating or â€Å"Cue† Theories Tate and McConnell (2001) mention about the cue theory, which stated that when angry people are exposed to television or games violence,  those portrayals signal to them to behave aggressively.The elements in the portrayal (guns, particular kinds of characters, etc. ) serve as cues. When these cues are later encountered in real life, viewers are reminded of the  violence, and this reminder increases the likelihood that they will behave aggressively. Viewers who identify with the aggressor in the media  will be more likely to aggress in real life when presented with a simila r situation to that of the media aggressor. And when  the media portray violence as having successful outcome, viewers are more likely to be cued to try aggression as a strategy in real life.Catharsis Hypothesis This hypothesis states that â€Å"If you buy a punching bag, or release your aggression by playing Quake, or by screaming, then you will be less violent and aggressive in day-to-day life, having released your aggression. † According to Greenfield (1984), â€Å"many professionals on this field begged to disagree to this as there are other hypotheses that negate  its formation. However, research testing this catharsis hypothesis found that children who are subjected to media violence showed more overt aggression that analysts blame on lowered inhibitions.More researches show that most deadly effect of media violence is making people numb to the real violence in life. Cultivation Hypothesis The cultivation hypothesis was an approach developed by Professor George Ger bner who used ‘Cultural Indicators' to study whether and how watching television or playing video games may influence viewers' ideas of what the everyday world is like. Theorists assert that television and video games has long term effects  that are  indirect but significant. Gerbner further argues in his theory that television is responsible for shaping viewer's concepts and ideas of social reality.In addition, this theory proposes that mass media is a vital socializing agent that make television watchers believe in the version of reality that it exhibits. Observational Learning This particular theory asserts study findings that exposure to media violence through television, the Internet, and video games greatly influence teenagers’ aggressive behavior. Young children tend to imitate and follow what they see and hear and this theory becomes accurate in their limitations concerning media violence. In addition, it proposes that media violence provides children ideas and views of a world that is really bad and hostile in reality.Considering gender issues when talking about media violence is a serious task that many media watchers are identifying. However, there are also issues that media violence that depicts women has just the same effects of media violence as a whole. Feminists view this differently since they adhere to the fact that there is a grave impact of the degree of media violence if it consists of women issues. Media Influence Media is known to be one source of a steady hindrance in the communication among families, individuals, and society in general.It has played a significant role in shaping and portraying opinions and viewpoints of the public, forming a bond between the nations to the people while reproducing the total image of society. Criticisms as early as the middle of the 20th century suggested that media was able to lessen and restrict a person’s capacity to think and act independently. Occasionally, this is because o f the influence suggestive of the many telescreens and printed writings. The media has indeed a very clear social and cultural effect upon society.This is can be explained upon their capacity to span and touch a huge audience with a strong and influential message. Marshall McLuhan (1964) says â€Å"the medium is the message† as a tool of expounding how the distribution of a message can almost always be more vital than the content of the message itself. It is by the convincing power of media like television, radio, and print that messages span their target audiences. Television and radio broadcasting, for example, have a huge volume of control over what the public watches and hears and the frequency they are viewed.This is an important aspect of traditional media that is challenged by changing the way the audience participates. The Internet today also has made a space for more mixture of opinions in the political, social, and cultural realms and an increased level of participa tion as well. Media Violence in Reality TV The reinvention of reality TV into a more horrible genre is proven by how such sports documentaries are programmed. Sometimes, some programs get too out of bound when the life of participants is being put out for the sake of fun.And it is gruesome how these participants are willing to risk their lives for the money at stake and maybe a shot at stardom, if lucky. In the past decade, we have witnessed how television drama has turned from wholesome to violent and sexually explicit. Moreover, the comedy is becoming worse with puns obviously intended (Halloran, 1975). Along with this, reality TV has turned into a genre that many critics of media assert showcases more violence, more competition, more hurtful episodes, more vanity, and more sexuality as a version of reality.All these are offered to an audience who are willing to gobble these all up. It is a reality as well that many people enjoy reality TV shows as evidenced with the constant rati ngs that show business is doing well. The reasons behind this loyal patronage of reality shows are because people tend to identify themselves with the participants, they enjoy the competition, they are thrilled with the drama that are spiced in these shows (Earles et al, 2002). For the producing networks, it is not at all a sweat to get participants who are willing to undergo such rigid or too easy tasks.The lure of money and instant fame is too tempting to pass. Reality TV shows abound because of the pull it has on the audience share. However, many analysts agree that these kinds of shows that are being aired nowadays are getting ethically and morally questionable – compared to the reality TV series that were harmless and outright wholesome. Furthermore, reality TV shows clearly idolize and worship superficial human aspects like body and facial beauty. This becomes a very bad example for the youth who make up a big bulk of the audience share.Reports say that 3 out of 4 teena gers have reality shows as their favorite TV shows (Rushdie, 2001). Is reality television altering our values in a negative way or is just a reflection of already existing values? Definitely these shows generally impacts audiences in a negative way. In fairness for those shows who do not intend to exude negativism, they still do so. Although subtle or subconsciously, these shows are to blame for the erosion of ethics and morals especially among the young audiences who also enjoy the competition and vanity being portrayed in many of these types of programs.Parental guidance cannot seem to curtail such viewings and minors are taking a peek and sample of the â€Å"badness† involved reality shows. Yes, they entertain audiences because the plots excite the viewers. Remember that real people are writing the scripts and thinking of the plots. The production team is further made of real people. Therefore it follows that the values of the creators are shown, directly or indirectly, in their programs. Graphic Novels as an Agent of Media Violence The American comic book took shape in the late 1930s with the introduction of Superman and then Batman, Wonder Woman, Captain America and more.Arriving at the end of the Depression and ruing the first few weeks of World War II, comics provided cheap, thrilling entertainment that appealed to both the young and the soldiers (Rehnstrand, 2005). Comic books became a very influential and popular element of the entertainment world. As the medium progressed, it embraced a wide variety of genres like romance, horror, crime, science fiction, war, humor and adventure. Comic book sales soared up after World War II but suffered a setback in the mid-fifties brought about by anti-comic book hysteria.The Comic Books Authority whipped up a lot of no-noes on the plots and illustrations. The medium rebounded back in the 1960's this time with a brand new style of comic story telling. The late 1960's brought about the start of today's graphi c novels which disregards the restrictions of the Comic code? More and more content was created and marketed as graphic  novels. 1986 was a breakthrough year when two critically acclaimed bestselling books were published as graphic novels: Maus, and Watchmen. The late nineties introduced Manga, a type of graphic novel from Japan that was accepted warmly in the United States.Today, like their counterpart in prose, graphic novels cover every conceivable genre including fiction, biography, history, journalism, education, crime, horror, fantasy, romance, adventure, memoir, humor, politics, and many more. After a century of growth, the comics that once started for amusement in newspapers have matured and are beginning to enjoy a place in the literary world. Conclusion Television and video games can be good sources of education and entertainment for anybody at any age or gender. However, teenage is considered to be a crucial age when an individual is quite adamant to become an adult or remain a child.The influence of media on teenagers has resulted on many emotional, social, and psychological dilemmas. Studies and research have been dedicated to analyzing the effect of media, particularly television and video games on teenagers. According to Rhenstrand (2005), playing video games is known to heighten the aggressive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors of teenagers. Video games can be more harmful than violent television shows or movies since they are more interactive, requiring the player to identify with the aggressive character.Some scientific studies state that the fewer teenagers play video games or watch television, the less aggressive they are. Attention has been centered on the concern of television and video games’ portrayal of violence, vices (smoking, drugs, and alcohol), and sex. With violence, television is passing the viewing of hurting and killing while video games needs the active participation of players. It is recommended that more research wo uld be conducted on the behavioral outcomes of interactions on violence and sex in video games and the implications of passive participation of teenagers while watching television.However, there should be careful and strict guidelines that the viewing public should follow in order to ensure that their influences would be beneficial, especially for the young viewers. The influence is so great that it has made changes in the way people act and think. These media forms are here to stay, for sure. Let us just hope that it will be innovated to be used as an instrument of change for the better and not for worse. References Earles KA, R Alexander, M Johnson, J Liverpool, and M McGhee. 2002. Media influences on children and adolescents: violence and sex†. Journal of the National Medical Association. 94 (9): 797-801. Greenfield, Patricia Marks. 1984. Mind and media: the effects of television, video games, and computers. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. Halloran JD. 1975. â₠¬Å"The Mass Media and Violence. † Forensic Science. 5. 3: 209-17. Kamalipour, Yahya R. , and Kuldip R. Rampal. 2001. Media, Sex, Violence, and Drugs in the Global Village. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. McLuhan, M. 1964.Understanding media; The extensions of man. New York: McGraw-Hill. Rehnstrand, R. 2005. The longitudional effects of media violence (television and video games) on violence in children into adulthood.Starred paper (M. S. )–St. Cloud State University. Rushdie, Salman. 2001. Reality TV: A Dearth of Talent and the Death of Morality. The Guardian. Tate, E. and McConnell, K. 2001. The mass media and violence from McKie, Craig and Benjamin Singer, (eds. ) Communications in Canada Society, 5th edition. Toronto: Thompson Educational (TEP)

Counselling Psychology Essay

From the term’s meaning itself, â€Å"existence† is the primary keyword that identifies the idealisms imposed through understanding the deep meaning of existential personality. It could not be denied then that unlike other theories of psychology and human behavior, existential personality theory has not been founded by any prominent personality in the field of human sciences, rather, the theory was introduced as a collaborative understanding that has been brought to existence through close observation of several individuals who have definite purpose in living in comparison to those who may have the hardest time identifying the reasons as to why they are living. With the many things that identify human life at present, â€Å"purpose† is one particular aspect that keeps one on the focus of facing the different challenges of living as they come. Considerably, an individual who knows what or for whom he is living for strives harder to survive the challenges of living as much as they could since they do know that there are others caring about them or there are others sorely needing their existence. Being needed is the key reasoning that brings about the possibility of this theory coming into existence. Every person needs to feel the possibility that he is needed by others. Through this, he is able to draw the meaning of life to him which in turn motivates him to remain where he is even though there might be huge heaps of challenges that tend to break him down every day. Noticeably, the life of people who have purpose does have a distinctive difference in comparison to those who may not have the people around them who they see as someone to live for. To explain the matter further, take for example the situation of a young woman who lives by herself and a young woman who has become a young mother. A young independent woman does have all the time in her life she would like to spend with herself, her family, her friends and her career; whereas, a young mother needs to balance the attention that she is giving for herself and her child. In a mirror sense, it may seem that it is only the time that each other has for themselves that may be different in the scene. However, if examined closely, this situation focuses more on the capability of the two individuals to face the challenges of the coming years in their lives. The young woman is noted to be susceptible to several heartaches or disappointments that she may meet in the future. Why is this so? Because she only needs to care for herself, she only needs to make sure that she is fine and that is the end of the line. Meanwhile, a mother of a young child would care less of herself but would focus more on the needs of her child, the demands of her role being a mother to her young. Through this reason for existence, the young mother turns out to be more powerful as she tends to exert effort not only for herself but for the life that depends on her for survival . IT always pays to have the rightful realization that someone needs the other. IT is rather comforting to know that even though one has taken many mistaken steps and decisions in the past, the motivation to push through comes from the fact that people live for others and not for themselves alone. This is the true essence of the existence personality theory. References: Milton, M. (1994) HIV Related Psychotherapy and Its Existential Concerns, Counselling Psychology Review, V9

Already Have a High ACT Score How to Improve Even More

Already Have a High ACT Score How to Improve Even More SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you're doing well on the ACT but you still want to improve, it can be difficult to find the right prep strategies. High scorers who hope to become elite scorers will benefit from different study strategies than low scorers. In this article, I'll go through what it means to be a high scorer on the ACT, why high scorers can benefit from their own set of preparation strategies, and which strategies will give you the best chance of improving already impressive test results. What Does It Mean to Be a High Scorer on the ACT? To consider yourself a high scorer on the ACT, you should be scoring a 27 or higher on practice tests.This puts you in the top thirteen percent or so of scorers, or the 87th percentile. I’m setting the high score benchmark a bit higher in the percentile range for the ACT than for the SAT (for which I'd setit at the 75th percentile mark) because some states require all students to take the test regardless of whether they’re hoping to attend college.This means that average scores on the ACT are skewed lower, and you’ll need to score higher in the percentile range to get into very selective colleges. Why Should High Scorers Prepare Differently? High scorers on the ACT will benefit from different strategies than low scorers in efforts to raise their scores.For the most part, high scorers are not held back by a lack of content knowledge or problems with question comprehension.High scorers tend to have more issues with careless mistakes, rushing, and overthinking simple questions. It’s important for high scorers to get specific when tracking down and eliminating their mistakes so that they can earn the last few points that will get them to a perfect or close to perfect score.In the following section, I’ll detail some of the best strategies high scorers can use to raise their ACT scores. If these gummy bears represent all the students who take the ACT, you're about to become the triumphant yellow gummy bear right in the middle. High Scorer Strategies These strategies will help high scorers on the ACT break through the barriers to an elite score.If you’re still scoring lower on the ACT, you may want to consult these strategies that are more relevant to your needs; once you improve your scores a little more, you can come back to the high scorer strategies! Strategy #1: Crack Down on Careless Mistakes Careless mistakes often cause students who are already scoring relatively high on the ACT to fall short of a great score. A careless mistake is an error on a question that you would have answered correctly if you read more carefully or paid attention when you bubbled in your answer. These types of mistakes can be tough to eliminate because of the impact of test anxiety, but you can always take measures to reduce them. The best way to avoid careless mistakes is to go back through each section at the end and double check your answers.If you still have a fair amount of time left before you take the real ACT, you can experiment with a practice test or two and see where careless mistakes happen most frequently.This way, you’ll know to be especially careful when double checking the sections that deal with subjects that give you trouble. If you find yourself making careless mistakes on math problems, it can be helpful to underline or circle the value that you’ll need to solve for in the question.This way, you can avoid solving for the wrong value or only solving the problem halfway. If you get too wrapped up in your calculations, you might forget what you were supposed to find and end up bubbling in the wrong answer.Underlining key parts of the question can reduce or eliminate these types of silly mistakes. For careless mistakes on other sections, the key is, once again, double checking and reading the questions carefully.Resist the urge to rush if you have that tendency. You’ll end up making a lot more mistakes if you’re in a panic! You might also try filling in all of your answers at the end of the section to avoid bubbling errors.Circle all of your answers in the test booklet as you go through the section, but wait until the end to fill in the answer sheet.Since you’re not constantly switching between tasks, you’ll be less likely to slip up and fill in the wrong bubble. Careless mistakes happen to everyone, but you can take precautions to avoid them (like putting your coffee mug outside of elbow-range). Strategy #2: Manage Time Wisely As a high scorer aiming for an even higher score, you should make sure that you have enough time to answer every question on the ACT to the best of your ability.Be sure that you’re not spending too much time on difficult questions and missing a couple of questions at the end of each section. This could hurt your scores unnecessarily. The best strategy is to skip a question if you find yourself spending more than thirty seconds trying to figure it out.Get through all the questions that are easy for you first, and then go back and tackle the hard ones.This strategy ensures that you don’t miss any questions as a consequence of time mismanagement.If you miss any questions, it should only be because they were especially difficult. The reading section causes problems with time for many students on the ACT.Make sure you’re reading efficiently.If you tend to read each passage very closely and sometimes run out of time, you might try skimming first instead.Skimming will allow you to answer big picture questions about the passage, and you can go back and read certain parts more closely to answer detail questions. Alternatively, you might be rushing through questions and answering incorrectly due to carelessness.As I said in the previous subsection,you should make a point of always double checking your answers if you have any extra time left at the end of a section.You should do a time check when you reach the halfway point for a section. If there are at least five minutes more than half of the total allotted time remaining, it might be a sign that you need to slow down and pay attention to your answers a little more. Slow and steady wins the rAC(T)e. But not too slow! I just think snails are cute. Strategy #3: Conquer Test Anxiety Text anxiety can be a severe problem for high scorers. These types of students are so focused on getting a perfect or near-perfect score that they freak out if they have to skip hard questions. This can lead to a self-sabotaging cycle of doubt and worry that causes them to lose points. Before the test, you should set up the expectation that you will inevitably have to skip a few questions on your first pass through each section.That doesn’t mean you won’t be able to answer them in the end!Usually, if you’re a high scorer, you can come back and answer them later when you’re less stressed about finishing the rest of the section. Don’t get hijacked by thoughts of â€Å"Oh no, I skipped a question! My score is doooooomed!† when you know it's not true.If you’ve consistently gotten very high scores on practice tests, you’re capable of the same performance on the real exam. Don’t buckle under the pressure! The ACT is gonna be a piece of cake for a smart, sassy individual such as yourself. Strategy #4: Avoid Overthinking Overthinking is a major pitfall for many high scorers.Simple questions can trip up high scorers who get anxious and start overanalyzing the different options.If you find yourself thinking too much about each answer and trying to justify why it might be correct, you should stop yourself and pull back. Remember, there’s only one correct answer to each question on the ACT, and none of the answers should be subjective or ambiguous. Try not to impose your own biases or interpretations on the questions, particularly in the reading section. Everything is pretty cut and dry on the ACT, so if an answer seems like it doesn't quite fit, don't choose it! Don't let this happen to YOU. Conclusion If you’re a high scorer on the ACT, you should adopt specific test prep and studying strategies that fit with your needs.High scorers tend to struggle with careless mistakes, less efficient time management, and problems with overthinking simple questions.You can use the strategies in this article to combat these problems. You should also look closely at your mistakes on practice tests to make sure you’re addressing your specific issues on the ACT.This is the best way to take your performance from a high score to a perfect score! What's Next? Aiming for a perfect score? Read our articles on how to get a 36 on ACT English, Reading, Math, and Science. If you're trying to get into highly competitive college programs, take a look at my article on the most selective colleges in the country. Are you not sure whether or not you should take the ACT with Writing? Find out if the Writing section is important for you. Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points?We have the industry's leading ACT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and ACT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so you get the most effective prep possible. Check out our 5-day free trial today:

Brief History of the US Federal Income Tax

Brief History of the US Federal Income Tax Money raised through income tax is used to pay for the programs, benefits, and services provided by the US government for the benefit of the people. Essential services such as national defense, food safety inspections, and federal benefit programs including Social Security and Medicare could not exist without the money raised by the federal income tax. While the federal income tax did not become permanent until 1913, taxes, in some form, have been a part of American history since our earliest days as a nation. Evolution of Income Tax in America While taxes paid by American colonists to Great Britain were one of the main reasons for the Declaration of Independence and ultimately the Revolutionary War, Americas Founding Fathers knew that our young country would need taxes for essential items such as roads and especially defense. Providing the framework for taxation, they included procedures for the enactment of tax law legislation in the Constitution. Under Article I, Section 7 of the Constitution, all bills dealing with revenue and taxation must originate in the House of Representatives. Otherwise, they follow the same legislative process as other bills. Before the Constitution   Before final ratification of the Constitution in 1788, the federal government lacked the direct power to raise revenue. Under the Articles of Confederation, money to pay the national debt was paid by the states in proportions to their wealth and at their discretion. One of the goals of the Constitutional Convention was to ensure that the federal government had the power to levy taxes. Since Ratification of the Constitution Even after the ratification of the Constitution, most federal government revenues were generated through tariffs taxes on imported products and excise taxes taxes on the sale or use of specific products or transactions. Excise taxes were considered regressive taxes because people with lower incomes had to pay a higher percentage of their income than did people with higher incomes. The most recognized federal excise taxes still in existence today include those added to the sales of motor fuels, tobacco, and alcohol. There are also excise taxes on activities, such as gambling, tanning or the use of highways by commercial trucks.​ As true with the modern income tax, those early taxes were far from popular among the people.But with the spirit of the American Revolution and independence still running high, some of the people took their dislike of taxes to far higher level. Between 1786 and 1799, three organized rebellions- all protesting various taxes- challenged the authority of the state and federal governments to generate needed revenue. Shays Rebellion from 1786 to 1787 was raised by a group of farmers in objection to what they considered the unfair methods used by state and local tax collectors. The Whiskey Rebellion of 1794 in western Pennsylvania came in protest to what President George Washingtons Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton wrongly considered an innocuous excise tax â€Å"upon spirits distilled within the United States, and for appropriating the same.† Finally, Fries’ Rebellion of 1799 was led by a group of Pennsylvania Dutch farmers opposed to a new federal government tax on houses, land, and slaves. While the farmers owned lots of land and houses, they were far from keen on paying taxes on slaves none of  them owned. Early Income Taxes Came and Went During the Civil War from 1861 to 1865, the government realized that tariffs and excise taxes alone could not generate enough revenue to both run the government and conduct the war against the Confederacy. In 1862, Congress established a limited income tax only on people who made more than $600 but abolished it in 1872 in favor of higher excise taxes on tobacco and alcohol. Congress re-established an income tax in 1894, only to have the Supreme Court declare it unconstitutional in 1895. 16th Amendment Forward In 1913, with the costs of  Ã‚  World War I looming, ratification of the 16th Amendment permanently established the income tax. The 16th  Amendment states: â€Å"The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration.† The 16th Amendment gave Congress the power to tax the incomes of all individuals and the profits of all businesses. The income tax enables the federal government to maintain the military, construct roads and bridges, enforce the laws and federal regulations, and carry out other duties and programs.   By 1918, government revenue generated from the income tax exceeded $1 billion for the first time and topped $5 billion by 1920. The introduction of the mandatory withholding tax on employee wages in 1943 increased tax revenue to almost $45 billion by 1945. In 2010, the IRS collected nearly $1.2 trillion through income tax on individuals and another $226 billion from corporations. The Role of Congress in Taxation According to the US Treasury Department, the goal of Congress in enacting tax-related legislation is to balance the need to raise revenue, the desire to be fair to taxpayers, and the desire to influence the way taxpayers save and spend their money.

Chinese traditional landscape painting technology to draw the visual Assignment

Chinese traditional landscape painting technology to draw the visual art picture - Assignment Example The essay "Chinese traditional landscape painting technology to draw the visual art picture" explores traditional landscape painting in China. The first thing to paint a picture is to have an idea what to paint. This involves a little bit of thought process to have a clear picture in mind what you want to put down on the canvas. To paint the sunset is not only difficult but also a challenging task for which you have to make sure in mind what you are actually trying to pain. The sunset of the Sydney Opera House is a definite choice for artists. The best would be to visit the place and see it with your own eyes during the exotic sunset. Our eyes are one of the best creations of God, which absorb the beautiful scenery and stores in our mind this makes it easier to put it on canvas. If however, you cannot visit the Sydney house Opera, you must see the pictures of other authentic artists, of the sunset. This would give you a clear idea of how you should start. Traditional Chinese Painting techniques are definitely easy to learn for the children of this era but difficult to be skilled at. Since every stroke in Chinese methods of painting requires full concentration and focus, it is a better approach to make the children learn how to focus on an object in painting. Many Chinese artists suggest that these kinds of painting techniques give you a sense of satisfaction and pleasure and stabilize your moods. By Painting the Sydney opera with Chinese painting techniques, the children will get sensitive to colors.... Preparing the Canvas The size of the canvas is really important if you are painting the sunset at Sydney Opera house. Once you have selected your canvas, you need to select the medium you want to use for your paining, be it acrylic colors or water colors or only Chinese ink, you can use any medium to transfer your ideas on the canvas (Fong, 2001). The first thing is to wet your canvas starting with larger strokes. It will not only absorb the colors but will also amalgamate them really well. Use a larger Chinese brush preferably 1.5’’ wide. To wet your canvas you can use water, liquid white or oils. Layers should be applied to the canvas until it is completely wet. You can also use rice paper as your canvas which is widely used in Chinese paintings (Silbergeld, 1985). Starting up with the picture To start with the Sydney Opera picture, you need to first figure out the objects of primary and secondary importance. For example, the Sydney Opera house, the sun and the bridge are of primary importance whereas the trees in the sides, the far away buildings and water are of secondary importance in the picture. Once decided, you need to outline the entire picture with gentle pencil strokes starting with the primary objects like the Sydney opera house, a brief outline in pencil is required, and the lines must be crisp and concise. Next, start outlining the bridge and the sun. Emphasize on minute detailing of the pillars of the bridge and pay attention to the architecture (Hamm, 1988). You can optionally outline in pencil or a nude paint color to outline the objects of your picture. Next, start with the secondary objects of the picture like the buildings, the trees and the water. It is suggested to use the Chinese